Overview

Kargil district with a population of 140,802 in Jammu & Kashmir state, accounts for 1.12 per cent of the state's population. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes form 0.01 and 86.89 per cent of the district’s population, respectively. The level of urbanisation of the district is 11.60 per cent. The distribution of population across village size classes is important, in particular, for the provision of those services whose cost of provision declines as the number of consumers increases. Table 1 gives the population distribution by size class of villages.

Table 1: Share of Population by Size Class of Villages in Kargil - 2011
Less than 500 People	11.06%	The distribution of population across village size classes is important, in particular, for the provision of those services whose cost of provision declines as the number of consumers increases.
500 - 999	26.76%
1000 - 1999	30.68%
2000 - 4999	24.75%
5000 - 9999	6.75%
10000 and above	0%

The overall male literacy rate increased from 76.00 per cent in 2001 to 83.15 per cent in 2011 while the female literacy rate increased from 42.00 per cent to 56.30 per cent in 2011. The literacy rates in 2011 in rural and urban areas is given in Table 2.

Table 2: Literacy Rate(%) - 2011
	Male Literacy Rate(%)	Female Literacy Rate(%)
Rural - Kargil	81.62	54.98
Urban - Kargil	92.82	67.82
Rural India	78.60	58.80
Urban India	89.70	79.90

An indicator of the extent of economic development in a region is the workforce participation rate and the distribution of workers across sectors of work. The workforce participation rate (WPR) is calculated as the ratio of individuals in the workforce to the total population. Note that children are included in the calculation of the WPR. The male WPR and female WPR in Kargil district are 51.22 per cent and 19.1 per cent respectively (Table 3). The male WPR and female WPR in the state are 48.11 per cent and 19.11 per cent respectively.

Table 3: Workforce Participation Rate - 2011
	Male WPR(%)	Female WPR(%)
Kargil	51.22 (420)	19.1 (461)
India	53.26	25.51
The figure in the parenthesis reflects the ranking out of the 640 districts of India.

Individuals who are part of the workforce could be working for at least 6 months a year, or 3-6 months a year or 0-3 months a year. Any individual who works for at least six months a year is considered to be a main worker while those working for less than six months a year are considered marginal workers. In this district, among male workers 63.19 per cent are main workers while among female workers 31.3 per cent are main workers.

The distribution of main workers in this district is as follows: 6.34 per cent are cultivators, 1.81 per cent are agricultural labourers, 0.94 per cent is household industry workers and 90.91 per cent are engaged in other activities. This is the level of disaggregation at which data is made available as part of the Census of India datasets. As is evident, one limitation of the classification is that this distribution is not very informative for urbanised areas. In a heavily urbanised constituency the proportion of agricultural labourers and cultivators would be low and the proportion of workers classified as working in other activities would be high.

One of the targets under Millennium Development Goals is the generation of productive jobs. But India has failed in this regard. This is despite the emphasis on inclusive growth process and employment generation in the 11^th and 12^th five year plan. India's Economic Survey 2012-13 posed a pointed question: where will good jobs come from? The current thinking is that "full and productive employment and decent work" should be made a central goal of the post-2015 development agenda.

In fact, in rural areas, poverty is concentrated among those engaged as labourers and in urban areas it is high among casual labourers. Kargil district accounts for 0.32 per cent of cultivators and 0.33 per cent of agricultural labourers in this state. Overall, it is important to increase the number of workers engaged in "full and productive employment and decent work". In rural areas it is important to improve the livelihoods of those engaged as agricultural labourers.

District level estimates of the incidence of poverty are not available. A decline in incidence of poverty does not necessarily mean an automatic improvement in living conditions. The 1993 Expert Group on Poverty states: "Poverty line derived from personal consumption patterns and levels do not take into account items of social consumption such as basic education and health, drinking water supply, sanitation, environmental standards, etc. in terms of normative requirements or effective access. However the standard of living of a region can be gauged from the housing amenities. Housing comprises a bundle of characteristics. The government has various schemes aimed at improving condition of dwelling, access to water sanitation, etc. The status of various housing amenities is given in Table 4.

Table 4: Proportion of Households in Kargil
	2001	2011
Living in dwellings deemed as good condition	15.09	24.60
With electricity as main source of lighting	77.13	86.89
Having latrine facility within premises	95.45	96.91
Using clean fuel as source of cooking fuel	22.40	18.25
With a Bank Account	49.70	77.30

An indicator of the level of deprivation in the district is the proportion of households that do not have any of the following: radio, television, telephone, bicycle, scooter, car or a bank account. In this district 19.43 per cent of households do not have any of the above mentioned goods and services.

Bank accounts are a proxy for the extent of financial intermediation. In this district, 77.30 per cent of households have a bank account. In 2011, this district ranks 90 among the 640 districts in terms of extent of financial intermediation.

Radio :59.82% Television : 43.97% Mobile Phone: 42.46% Computer (With Internet): 1.29% Computer (Without Internet): 4.23%

Ownership of radio and television are important indicators of the level of access to information. Mobile phones are now being used for a range of services including dissemination of price information, booking of gas cylinders and accessing banking services. Social media is expected to play an increasingly important role especially in the General Election 2014.

In December 2002, following the 86th amendment to the Indian Constitution free and compulsory education was made a fundamental right for all children between 6-14 years old. The legislation for operationalising this was The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009. Article 21-A of the Indian constitution making education a fundamental right for children aged 6-14 years and the RTE Act came into effect on 1 April 2010. Section 16 and 29(h) of the RTE Act has proved to be controversial. It states, "No child admitted in a school shall be held back in any class or expelled from school till the completion of elementary education". Further Section 29(h) of the act also talks of "Comprehensive and continuous evaluation of child's understanding of knowledge and his or her ability to apply the same". However independent surveys have documented that learning outcomes of India's children are lagging. This suggests that the principle of comprehensive and continuous evaluation of child's learning as enunciated in the RTE Act has not been a success.

The government is trying to ensure that all children are enrolled in school. With the objective of achieving universal elementary education, it becomes important to ensure that every constituency has adequate numbers of middle level schools and higher education institutions. This will result in increasing the average level of educational attainment of the individuals entering the workforce. There are a total of 125 villages and 594 schools in this district. The distribution of schools by type of ownership is given in Table 5. In Kargil,10.10 per cent of schools are private schools.

In this district, 46.27 per cent of classrooms in schools that only have primary sections are in good condition, 55.29 per cent of classrooms in primary schools with upper primary sections are in good condition, and 47.79 per cent of classrooms in primary schools with upper primary sections or higher secondary sections are in good condition.

Table 5: Distribution of Schools by Type in Kargil - 2011
	Total Schools		Rural Schools
	Government	Private	Government	Private
Primary Only	214	23	205	21
Primary with Upper Primary	265	25	255	19
Primary with Upper Primary Secondary / Higher Secondary	9	11	7	6
Upper Primary Only	6	0	5	0
Upper Primary with Secondary / Higher Secondary	40	1	35	0
No Response in School Category	0	0	0	0

Reproductive & Child Health: Facts	Interpretation
MMR India : 178 Target by 2015: 109	District level estimates of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) are not available. The Janani Suraksha Yojana launched in April 2005 seeks to "reduce maternal and neo-natal mortality by promoting institutional delivery among poor pregnant women". The multiple factors that contribute to the unacceptably high number of maternal deaths are viz. prevalence of marriage below the legal age, inadequate antenatal and postnatal care, and absence of skilled personnel at the time of child birth.
4.3 per cent of girls marry before the legal age of 18 years	In order to tackle the problem of child marriage, in addition to compulsory registration of marriages, information and education campaigns also need to be initiated in the district.
64.6 per cent of women made at least 3 ANC visits 54.5 per cent of women delivered in an institutional facility	The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least four antenatal care (ANC) visits throughout the pregnancy. It is widely accepted that the number of antenatal visits by a pregnant woman determines where the woman delivers her child. The more antenatal visits, the higher the chance of the birth occurring in a health facility or in the presence of a skilled personnel.
82.8 per cent of children, in the age group 12-23 months received full immunization	The Intergrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS) was launched in 1975 with the objective of improving the nutrition and health status of children in the age group 0-6 years. The scheme sought to reduce incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout rates. Yet, the progress has been limited. In 1985, the Universal Immunization Program was conceived with the objective of ensuring complete vaccination for every child in India. Yet, India is far from ensuring that all the children have gone through the full course of vaccinations. In terms of full immunization of children - Kargil ranks 86 among 640 districts of India.
The proportion of married women in the age group of 15-49 years who are aware of HIV-AIDS is 35.7	The fourth phase of the National Aids Control Programme was launched in February 2014. India has made progress in tackling the spread of HIV/AIDS. Presently the prelevance rate of HIV/AIDS is 0.36 per cent. Central to the strategy to reducing the prevalance rate is awareness. In terms of awareness of HIV-AIDS among women Kargil ranks 442 among the 640 districts of India.
For every 10,000,000 people there is 355.11 primary health centre and 213.07 community health centre	The National Rural Health Mission launched in 2005 sought to establish "a fully-functional and community owned decentralised health delivery system to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of health determinants". In order to improve reproductive and child health indicators it is necessary not only to ensure that 100 per cent of villages have a primary health sub centre but adequate medical supplies are available in each centre. Availability of physical infrastructure and human resources at the primary health centres is also important to determine the scope of available infrastructure in the region.

Methodology: The District Development Indicators has been generated based on official statistics. Data on population, sex ratio, livelihoods, socio-economic status have been sourced from data released as part of Census of India 2011. The sources of data for educational and health outcomes are the District Information System for Education and District Level Household & Facility Survey respectively.

Data Availability: A number of constituencies split across districts and even tehsils. The geographical disaggregation at which Census of India data sets are available does not allow us to generate constituency profiles. Note that there are 543 Lok Sabha seats and 640 districts. So many constituencies will be part of one or more districts. Further two constituencies may be part of one district and it is not possible to identify constituency development indicators given the data limitation. These caveats need to be borne in mind. Comparison of outcomes across the years 2001 and 2011 is not feasible due to data limitations.

Credits: The preparation of this report was coordinated by S Chandrasekhar, Associate Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. Technology and database support was provided by the following individuals from IRIS Business Services Limited: Virat Gaywala, Kavita Tank, Prerana Markad, Deepti Bandre , Sweta Shetty, Tushar Chhabhaiya and Vijay Parulekar. IRIS Business Services Limited is one of the first providers of full professional XBRL products and solutions to organizations globally. Research support was provided by Aritra Chakrabarty, Anurupa Bose, Nandini Bhattacharya and Rituparna Dutta from IRIS Knowledge Foundation

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